On August 7, 1814 Pope Pius VII issued the Papal Bull, “Solicitudo omnium ecclesiarum,” which restored the Society of Jesus to existence, reversing the decision of his predecessor, Clement XIV, 41 years earlier to suppress the Jesuits. Pius had resolved to restore the Society during his captivity in France; and after his return to Rome he issued the Bull which gave Father Thaddeus Brzozowski, the superior general in Russia, universal jurisdiction. From a small remnant of men in Russia, the Jesuits began a slow process of restablishing their pastoral and educational service to the Church. Antiiclerical governments in Europe remained hostile to the Jesuits who began returning to earlier mission fields, such as India and China, and re-establishing new ones in Australia, North Africa, Japan and North America.